Esbozo de historia universal: el libro de Juan Brom que ofrece una perspectiva científica, global y comparativa de la historia
Esbozo de historia universal: A Comprehensive Overview of World History by Juan Brom
History is a fascinating subject that helps us understand the past, present and future of humanity. However, learning history can also be challenging, especially when we have to deal with a vast amount of information, diverse perspectives and complex issues. How can we make sense of the historical process and its implications for our lives? How can we appreciate the diversity and unity of human cultures and civilizations? How can we develop a critical and reflective attitude towards the historical sources and interpretations?
esbozo de historia universal juan brom pdf 19
One book that can help us answer these questions is Esbozo de historia universal (Outline of World History) by Juan Brom. This book is a key reference for students, teachers and anyone interested in learning about world history. It offers a comprehensive, updated and accessible overview of the historical development of humanity from its origins to the present day. It also provides a scientific, global and comparative approach to history that stimulates our curiosity and critical thinking.
Introduction
What is Esbozo de historia universal?
Esbozo de historia universal is a book written by Juan Brom, a Mexican historian and professor. It was first published in 1973 by Grijalbo, a Mexican publishing house. Since then, it has been revised and updated several times, with the latest edition published in 2013 by Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial México. The book has 344 pages and covers the main periods, events, themes and problems of world history from prehistory to the 21st century.
Who is Juan Brom?
Juan Brom (1926-2018) was a prominent Mexican historian, educator and writer. He was born in Argentina but moved to Mexico in 1948, where he became a naturalized citizen. He studied history at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and taught at various institutions, including UNAM, the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN) and the Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM). He wrote more than 20 books on various topics of Mexican and world history, such as Historia de México (History of Mexico), Historia del mundo contemporáneo (History of the Contemporary World) and Historia mínima del mundo occidental (Minimal History of the Western World). He also received several awards and recognitions for his academic work, such as the National Prize for Social Sciences in 1985.
Why is this book important?
Esbozo de historia universal is an important book for several reasons. First, it is one of the most widely used textbooks for teaching world history in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries. It has been adopted by many schools and universities as a basic reference for their history courses. Second, it is one of the most comprehensive and updated books on world history available in Spanish. It covers a wide range of topics, from the origins of humanity to the current global issues, with an emphasis on the historical connections and comparisons between different regions and cultures. Third, it is one of the most accessible and engaging books on world history for general readers. It uses a clear and simple language that avoids unnecessary jargon and technicalities. It also uses various pedagogical tools, such as maps, charts, timelines, summaries, questions and bibliographies, to facilitate the understanding and retention of the historical information.
Main Content
The main features of Esbozo de historia universal
Esbozo de historia universal has four main features that distinguish it from other books on world history. These are:
A scientific approach to history
The book adopts a scientific approach to history that considers history as a constant evolution, product of human activity. It does not rely on myths, legends or dogmas to explain the historical facts. Instead, it uses empirical evidence, logical reasoning and critical evaluation to reconstruct the historical reality. It also recognizes the limitations and uncertainties of historical knowledge and invites the reader to question and verify the sources and interpretations.
A chronological and thematic organization
The book organizes the historical content into four main parts: prehistory (from the appearance of humans to 3500 BC), ancient history (from 3500 BC to 476 AD), medieval history (from 476 AD to 1492 AD) and modern history (from 1492 AD to 2012 AD). Each part is divided into chapters that follow a chronological order but also address specific themes or problems relevant to each period. For example, some of the themes discussed are: the emergence of civilization, the rise and fall of empires, the development of religions, the expansion of trade networks, the impact of technological innovations, the causes and consequences of wars, revolutions and social movements.
A global and comparative perspective
The book adopts a global perspective that covers all regions and continents of the world without privileging any particular area or culture. It also adopts a comparative perspective that highlights the similarities and differences between different societies and civilizations throughout history. It shows how different peoples have interacted and influenced each other through migration, trade, war, religion, culture and ideas.
A critical and reflective analysis
The book offers a critical and reflective analysis of the historical process and its implications for our lives. It does not present the historical facts as neutral or objective, but rather as products of human actions and interpretations. It also does not present the historical outcomes as inevitable or predetermined, but rather as contingent and open-ended. It encourages the reader to think critically about the causes and effects of historical events, the roles and responsibilities of historical actors, the values and ideologies that shape historical narratives, and the challenges and opportunities that face humanity today.
The main topics of Esbozo de historia universal
Esbozo de historia universal
covers a wide range of topics related to world history. Some of the main topics are:
The origins of humanity and civilization
The book explores the origins of humanity, from its biological evolution, to its cultural development, to its social organization. It explains how humans adapted to different environments, how they created tools, languages, arts, religions, and how they formed communities, states, and civilizations. It also examines some of the earliest civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Mesoamerica, and Andean America.
The ancient and medieval worlds
The book surveys some of the most influential cultures and civilizations of the ancient and medieval worlds, such as Greece, Rome, Persia, India, China, Japan, Africa, Islam, Byzantium, Europe, Mongolia, and America. It analyzes their political systems, economic structures, social classes, religious beliefs, cultural expressions, scientific achievements, and artistic creations. It also traces their interactions and conflicts with each other through wars, alliances, trade routes, cultural exchanges, and religious conversions.
The modern and contemporary eras
The book reviews some of the most significant events and processes of the modern and contemporary eras, such as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Age of Exploration and Discovery , the Scientific Revolution , the Enlightenment , the Industrial Revolution , the French Revolution , the American Revolution , the Latin American Independence Movements , the Napoleonic Wars , the Nationalism , the Imperialism , the World Wars , the Russian Revolution , the Great Depression , the Fascism , the Cold War, the Decolonization, the Civil Rights Movement, the Feminism, the Globalization, the Environmentalism, the Terrorism, and the Information Age.
The Cold War
The Cold War was a period of political, ideological and military confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, and their respective allies, from 1947 to 1991. It was called a "cold" war because it did not involve direct armed conflict between the two superpowers, but rather a series of proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, nuclear threats, economic sanctions, and diplomatic crises. The Cold War was shaped by the aftermath of the Second World War, the division of Germany and Europe, the emergence of nuclear weapons, the formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the Korean War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam War, the Sino-Soviet split, the space race, the détente, the Afghan War, and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.
The Decolonization
The Decolonization was a process of political and social change that resulted in the end of colonial rule and the emergence of new independent nations in Asia, Africa, and other regions of the world. It was influenced by various factors, such as the rise of nationalism, anti-colonial movements, international organizations, human rights ideals, Cold War rivalries, economic development, and cultural identity. The Decolonization began after the Second World War and accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s. Some of the most notable examples of decolonization are: India's independence from Britain in 1947; China's revolution and establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949; Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands in 1949; Algeria's war of independence from France in 1954-1962; Ghana's independence from Britain in 1957; Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956; Congo's independence from Belgium in 1960; Vietnam's reunification after defeating France and the US in 1954-1975; Kenya's independence from Britain in 1963; Nigeria's independence from Britain in 1960; South Africa's end of apartheid and transition to democracy in 1994.
The Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement was a social movement that aimed to end racial discrimination and segregation and to secure equal rights and opportunities for African Americans and other marginalized groups in the United States. It was inspired by various sources, such as the legacy of slavery and emancipation, the principles of democracy and justice, the teachings of Christianity and nonviolence, the examples of Gandhi and other liberation leaders, and the experiences of oppression and resistance. The Civil Rights Movement spanned from the 1950s to the 1970s. Some of its most significant events are: the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955-1956; the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954; the Little Rock Nine school integration in 1957; the Greensboro sit-ins in 1960; the Freedom Rides in 1961; the March on Washington and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963; the Birmingham campaign and King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" in 1963; the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the Selma to Montgomery marches in 1965; the Black Power movement and Malcolm X's "The Ballot or The Bullet" speech in 1964-1965; the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton's "Revolutionary Suicide" manifesto in 1966-1972; the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy in 1968; and the Stonewall riots and the gay rights movement in 1969.
The Feminism
The Feminism was a social movement that aimed to achieve gender equality and to challenge patriarchy and sexism in various aspects of society, such as politics, economy, culture, education, health, and family. It was influenced by various factors, such as the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, the abolitionist movement, the suffrage movement, the labor movement, the civil rights movement, the sexual revolution, and the postmodernism. The Feminism can be divided into three waves: the first wave (from the late 18th century to the early 20th century), which focused on legal rights, such as voting, property, and education; the second wave (from the late 1950s to the early 1980s), which focused on social rights, such as reproductive freedom, workplace equality, and domestic violence; and the third wave (from the late 1980s to the present), which focuses on diversity, intersectionality, and global issues.
The Globalization
The Globalization was a process of increasing interdependence and integration among countries, regions, and peoples in terms of trade, investment, migration, communication, culture, and environment. It was driven by various factors, such as technological innovations, market liberalization, political reforms, cultural exchanges, and environmental challenges. The Globalization had positive and negative effects on various aspects of society, such as economic growth, poverty reduction, human rights protection, democratic participation, cultural diversity, and conflict resolution.
The Environmentalism
The Environmentalism was a social movement that aimed to protect and preserve the natural environment and to promote sustainable development and ecological justice. It was motivated by various factors, such as the awareness of the environmental degradation, the depletion of natural resources, the pollution of air, water, and soil, the loss of biodiversity, the climate change, and the health risks of environmental problems. The Environmentalism emerged in the 1960s and 1970s and gained momentum in the 1980s and 1990s. Some of its most notable achievements are: the publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring in 1962; the celebration of the first Earth Day in 1970; the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972; the adoption of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987; the Rio Earth Summit and the Agenda 21 in 1992; the Kyoto Protocol on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 1997; and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2015.
The Terrorism
The Terrorism was a phenomenon of political violence that involved the use or threat of force by non-state actors against civilians or non-combatants to achieve ideological, religious or political goals. It was characterized by various features, such as unpredictability, asymmetry, media attention, psychological impact, and transnational networks. The Terrorism increased in frequency and intensity in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Some of its most notorious examples are: the hijacking of airplanes by Palestinian militants in the 1970s; the bombing of the US embassy in Beirut by Hezbollah in 1983; the Lockerbie bombing by Libyan agents in 1988; the Tokyo subway sarin attack by Aum Shinrikyo in 1995; the Oklahoma City bombing by Timothy McVeigh in 1995; the 9/11 attacks by al-Qaeda in 2001; the Madrid train bombings by al-Qaeda affiliates in 2004; the London bombings by homegrown jihadists in 2005; the Mumbai attacks by Lashkar-e-Taiba in 2008; the Oslo and Utøya attacks by Anders Breivik in 2011; the Boston Marathon bombing by Tamerlan and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in 2013; the Charlie Hebdo shooting and the Paris attacks by Islamic State (IS) supporters in 2015; the Brussels bombings by IS operatives in 2016; and the Christchurch mosque shootings by Brenton Tarrant in 2019.
The Information Age
The Information Age was a period of technological innovation and social transformation that involved the creation, distribution, and use of digital information and communication technologies. It was marked by various trends, such as digitization, computerization, internetization, mobilization, socialization, personalization, and globalization. The Information Age began in the late 20th century and continues to evolve in the 21st century. Some of its most significant developments are: the invention of personal computers and microprocessors in the 1970s; the emergence of the internet and the World Wide Web in the 1980s and 1990s; the diffusion of mobile phones and smartphones in the 1990s and 2000s; the rise of social media platforms and online communities in the 2000s and 2010s; the expansion of e-commerce, e-government, e-learning, e-health, and other online services in the 2000s and 2010s; the proliferation of big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, internet of things, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and other emerging technologies in the 2010s and beyond.
Conclusion
Summary of the main points
In conclusion, Esbozo de historia universal
is a book that provides a comprehensive overview of world history by Juan Brom, a Mexican historian and professor. It is an important book for students, teachers, and anyone interested in learning about world history. It offers a scientific, global, and comparative approach to history that stimulates our curiosity and critical thinking. It covers a wide range of topics related to world history, such as the origins of humanity and civilization, the ancient and medieval worlds, the modern and contemporary eras, the Cold War, the Decolonization, the Civil Rights Movement, the Feminism, the Globalization, the Environmentalism, the Terrorism, and the Information Age.
Recommendations for further reading
If you want to learn more about world history and Esbozo de historia universal, here are some recommendations for further reading:
Historia del mundo contemporáneo
by Juan Brom. This book is a sequel to Esbozo de historia universal
that focuses on the history of the contemporary world from 1914 to 2012.
A History of World Societies
by John P. McKay et al. This book is a comprehensive textbook on world history that covers the main civilizations and cultures of Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East from prehistory to the present.
A People's History of World War II: The World's Most Destructive Conflict As Told By The People Who Lived Through It
by Marc Favreau. This book is a collection of personal stories from people who experienced World War II from different perspectives: soldiers, civilians, refugees, resistance fighters, journalists, etc.
A History of Women's Writing Across Cultures
by Rama Kundu et al. This book is a survey of women's writing from different regions and periods of world history: ancient Egypt, Greece, Rome, India, China, Japan, Africa, Europe, Latin America, etc.
The Silk Roads: A New History of The World
by Peter Frankopan. This book is a revisionist history of world history that focuses on how trade routes across Asia shaped global events: wars, religions, cultures, empires, etc.
FAQs
What is Esbozo de historia universal?
Esbozo de historia universal is a book written by Juan Brom that provides a comprehensive overview of world history from prehistory to present day.
Who is Juan Brom?
Juan Brom (1926-2018) was a prominent Mexican historian, educator and writer who wrote more than 20 books on various topics of Mexican and world history.
Why is Esbozo de historia universal important?
Esbozo de historia universal is important because it is one of the most widely used textbooks for teaching world history in Mexico and other Spanish-speaking countries. It is also one of the most comprehensive and updated books on world history available in Spanish. It also offers a scientific, global and comparative approach to history that stimulates curiosity and critical thinking.
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